FILTRATION

FILTRATION ONLY
GFR*P -V*U=0
GFR=V*U/P
GFR=C inulin
PAH--> SECRETION

DIURETICS

DIURETICS:
1. LOOP--> EDEMA
2. CL-THIAZIDE--> DCT=
Na+ STAYS IN
-BP/, NEPHROGENIC DI
-Ca2 URIA
3. K+ STAys DIURETICS
-S=ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST
TA-->Na+ BLOCK
4. C AnH-ASE INHIBITOR-->
PCT= HCO3- STAYS-->
pH DECREASE~ RTA 2
ACID-ZLMD
ACID OSIS
5. OSMOTIC=MANNITOL-->PCT

URINARY ANTI-SEPTICS

URINARY ANTI-SEPTICS:
N-FURANTOIN
NALIDIXRAPID
RESISTANCE ~ RMP
METHEN-AMINE FORMAL-ALDEHYD
PROTEUS- NO EFF.

HEMAT-URIA DDx: T-SHIRTTT

T U
S TONE - NEPHRO-LITH.
H EMO-PHILIA
I NFECTION - UTI
R ENAL GN / CA
T RAUMA
T HROMBO-CYTO-PENIA
T B

Mnemonic for Differential Diagnosis of Hyperkalemia: ART x 3

Mnemonic for Differential Diagnosis of Hyperkalemia: ART x 3

Artifact, e.g. hemolytic sample
ACEi treatment
Addison’s

Renal failure
Rhabdomyolysis
RTA type 1 (distal RTA)

Tumor lysis syndrome
Transcellular shift, e.g. in acidosis
Treatment – urgent treatment required if K+ higher than 6

Related reading

Among patients with AMI, the lowest mortality was observed with potassium levels between 3.5 and 4.5 mEq/L. JAMA, 2012.

Mnemonic for Differential Diagnosis of Hypokalemia: BAD LOAD

Mnemonic for Differential Diagnosis of Hypokalemia: BAD LOAD

Barter’s, Conn’s syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)
Alkalosis
Diuretics

Laxative abuse
Other cause, e.g. insulin overdose
Acute glucose load
Diarrhea

Related reading

Among patients with AMI, the lowest mortality was observed with potassium levels between 3.5 and 4.5 mEq/L. JAMA, 2012.

DDx of Chronic Renal Failure: DUG HIPPO

D M 25%
U nknown 12%
G lomerulonephritis 25%

H TN 10%
I nterstial nephritis 5%
P yelonephritis, VUR 10%
P olycystic kidneys, e.g. APKD
O bstruction 3%

ARMADA - Acid-base balance work-up in 6 steps by answering 6 questions:

1. A cidosis or Alkalosis?

2. R espiratory disorder? – acidosis or alkalosis – check PaCO2

3. M etabolic disorder? – acidosis or alkalosis – check HCO3

4. A nion Gap?

5. D elta AG?

6. A ssess compensation

References:

Top 10 Clinical Pearls in Acid-base Disorders. Resident and Staff Physician, Jan 2007.
Acid-base Balance Cases and Calculators
Cleveland Clinics shares their Algorithms for Medical Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
Physiological Approach to Assessment of Acid–Base Disturbances — NEJM 2014 http://buff.ly/1xt0gqR